بررسی اثرات روش آبیاری و شبکه آبیاری بر بهره‌وری فیزیکی و اقتصادی آب در ذرت علوفه‌ای (مطالعه موردی بهبهان)

چکیده

بخش وسیعی از گستره ایران در شرایط آب و هوایی خشک و نیمه­خشک واقع شده است. باوجود کمبودهای موجود، کشاورزی ایران به­شدت به آب آبیاری وابسته است. این تحقیق با هدف مطالعه‌ میدانی برای پایش مزرعه­ای آب کاربردی ذرت­ علوفه­ای تحت مدیریت کشاورزان در فصل زراعی (1396-1395) در 12 مزرعه شهرستان بهبهان در استان خوزستان انجام شد. میزان اثرگذاری متغیرهای مستقل بر حجم آب آبیاری، بهره­وری فیزیکی و اقتصادی آب از جمله دلایلی بود که پژوهش فوق به منظور پاسخ­گویی به این سوالات اجرا شد. نتایج تجزیه و تحلیل واریانس در مدل رگرسیون نشان داد دوره رشد گیاه با آماره­یt  به میزان 288/5 بیشترین اثر مثبت معنی­دار را بر حجم آب آبیاری  داشت. عملکرد با آماره­یt  (به میزان 919/5) بیشترین اثر مثبت معنی دار را بر بهره­وری اقتصادی آب داشت. در میان  متغیرهای مستقل، عملکرد و حجم آب آبیاری با آماره­یt   به­ترتیب با مقادیر 419/6 و 381/6- بیشترین اثر معنی­دار مثبت و منفی را بر بهره­وری فیزیکی آب داشتند. مقدار حجم آب آبیاری از 4826 تا 14733 مترمکعب در هکتار متغیر بود. نتایج آنالیز واریانس و نتایج توصیفی میانگین­ صفات نشان داد بیشترین مقدار بهره­وری فیزیکی آب معادل 128/10 کیلوگرم بر مترمکعب در آبیاری بارانی و کم­ترین آن به مقدار 818/4 کیلوگرم بر مترمکعب در آبیاری سطحی در روش سنتی تعیین  شد که اختلاف معنی­داری با هم داشتند. مقادیر Z-Score های محاسبه شده نشان داد 50 و 33 درصد مزارع به­ترتیب آبیاری بارانی و سطحی مدرن بهره­وری اقتصادی قابل قبولی داشتند ولی 100 درصد مزارع آبیاری سطحی در روش سنتی بهره­وری اقتصادی قابل قبولی نداشتند. پوشش­دار نمودن کانال­های سنتی آبیاری در افزایش آب در دسترس مزارع و افزایش بهره­وری فیزیکی آب مؤثر خواهد بود و می­تواند در کاهش درصد مزارع آبیاری سطحی که بهره­وری فیزیکی آب غیرقابل قبولی داشتند، موثر واقع شود. همچنین تسطیح دقیق اراضی آبیاری سطحی در روش­های مدرن می­تواند موجب کاهش ساعات آبیاری مزارع و افزایش بهره­وری فیزیکی و اقتصادی گردد.

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